2. Madder is the common name of the plant genus Rubia L., the type genus of the madder family Rubiaceae. An herb, the root of which is used to make a natural red dye.
What is mean by the following words in science. 1.hibiscus 2.madder 3.hiptage 4.bryophyllum?
1.) Hibiscus or Rosemallow is a large genus of about 200-220 species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. The genus includes both annual and perennial herbaceous plants, and woody shrubs and small trees.
2.) Madder is the common name of the plant genus Rubia, the type genus of the madder family Rubiaceae.
The genus contains about 60 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and sub-shrubs native to the Old World, Africa, temperate Asia and America.
The best known species are Common Madder (Rubia tinctorum), Wild Madder (Rubia peregrina), and Indian Madder (Rubia cordifolia).
The Common Madder can grow to 1.5 m in height. The evergreen leaves are 5-10 cm long and 2-3 cm broad, produced in whorls of 4-7 starlike around the central stem. It climbs with tiny hooks at the leaves and stems. The flowers are small (3-5 mm across), with five pale yellow petals, in dense racemes, and appear from June to August, followed by small (4-6 mm diameter) red to black berries. The roots are between 20-30 cm long, up to 12 mm thick and the source of a red dye known as rose madder. It prefers loamy soils with a constant level of moisture.
Madders are used as food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hummingbird hawk moth.
Species
Rubia akane
Rubia alaica Pachom.
Rubia angustifolia L.
Rubia angustifolia ssp. angustifolia
Rubia angustifolia ssp. caespitosa
Rubia chinensis Regel %26amp; Maack
Rubia chitralensis Ehrend.
Rubia cordata Thunb
Rubia cordifolia L. : Indian Madder
Rubia cretacea Pojark.
Rubia deserticola Pojark.
Rubia dolichophylla Schrenk
Rubia florida Boiss.
Rubia fruticosa
Rubia jesoensis (Miq.) Miyabe %26amp; Miyake
Rubia komarovii Pojark.
Rubia krascheninnikovii Pojark.
Rubia laevissima Tscherneva
Rubia laxiflora Gontsch.
Rubia pavlovii Bajtenov %26amp; Myrz.
Rubia peregrina L. : Wild Madder
Rubia rechingeri Ehrend.
Rubia regelii Pojark.
Rubia rezniczenkoana Litv.
Rubia rigidifolia Pojark.
Rubia schugnanica B.Fedtsch. ex Pojark.
Rubia sikkimensis Kurz
Rubia syrticola Miq.
Rubia tatarica (Trevir.) F.Schmidt
Rubia tibetica Hook.f.
Rubia tinctorum L. : Common Madder
Rubia transcaucasica Grossh.
Rubia yunnanensis (Franch. ex Diels) Diels
3.) Scientific name : Hiptage benghalensis
Common name : Hiptage
Family : Malpighiaceae
Group : Dicot
Nativity : Non-Native
4.) The Bryophyllums (from the Greek βρ?ον/βρ?ειν bryon/bryein = sprout, φ?λλον phyllon = leaf) are a section in the plant genus Kalanchoe of the Crassulaceae family. There are about twenty to thirty species in the group, native originally of South Africa, Madagascar, Australia[verification needed] and Asia. The group is notable for vegetatively growing small plantlets on the fringes of the leaves; these eventually drop off and root.
Nowadays, bryophyllums are probably established in many parts of the tropics, either deliberately cultivated for their attractiveness and interesting reproduction or as a garden escapee. Some species are toxic (though minimally so: plant acids, bufadienolide, alkaloids, calcium oxalate etc) and have become noxious weeds in parts of the world.
There are many hybrids, e.g. Kalanchoe × crenatodaigremontiana (K. crenata × K. daigremontiana) or Houghton's Hybrid (B.daigremontianum × B.delagoensis).
Selected species
The three most commonly cultivated species are:
Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Syn. Bryophyllum daigremontianum): Devil's Backbone or mother-of-thousands. Native of Madagascar; introduced and naturalized in many parts of tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia (Indian Ocean islands), North America (Florida) and South Africa; cultivated in Pakistan.
Kalanchoe pinnata (Syn. Bryophyllum calycinum, Bryophyllum pinnatum): Air Plant. Native of Tropical Africa, cultivated or naturalized on many Pacific Islands (Tonga, Hawaii). It is also called the "Goethe Plant" since the famous writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - who also was an amateur naturalist of some repute - was "passionately fond" of this plant and liked to give the baby plantlets as gifts to friends who visited his home. He also discussed his air plant at length in the essay which was titled Geschichte meiner botanischen Studien ("History of my botanical studies").
Kalanchoe delagoensis (Syn. Bryophyllum delagoense, Bryophyllum tubiflorum, Bryophyllum verticillatum)
Some other species in this section are:
Kalanchoe adelae (Syn. Bryophyllum adelae)
Kalanchoe beauverdii (Syn. Bryophyllum beauverdii, Bryophyllum costantinii, Bryophyllum juelii, Bryophyllum scandens)
Kalanchoe bouvetii (Syn. Bryophyllum bouvetii)
Kalanchoe campanulata
Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi
Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (Syn. Bryophyllum gastonis-bonnieri)
Kalanchoe laxiflora (Syn. Bryophyllum crenatum)
Kalanchoe macrochlamys (Syn. Bryophyllum macrochlamys)
Kalanchoe manginii (Syn. Bryophyllum manginii)
Kalanchoe marnieriana (Syn. Bryophyllum marnierianum)
Kalanchoe miniata (Syn. Bryophyllum miniatum)
Kalanchoe prolifera (Syn. Bryophyllum proliferum)
Kalanchoe pubescens (Syn. Bryophyllum aliciae, Bryophyllum pubescens)
Kalanchoe rolandi-bonapartei (Syn. Bryophyllum rolandi-bonapartei, Bryophyllum tsaratananense)
Kalanchoe rosei (Syn. Bryophyllum rosei)
Kalanchoe schizophylla (Syn. Bryophyllum schizophyllum )
Kalanchoe serrata (Syn. Bryophyllum lauzac-marchaliae)
Kalanchoe streptantha (Syn. Bryophyllum streptanthum)
Kalanchoe suarezensis (Syn. Bryophyllum suarezense)
Kalanchoe uniflora
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Crassulaceae
Genus: Kalanchoe
Section: Bryophyllum
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